Anyael: Verbs
Jun. 9th, 2010 05:16 am![[personal profile]](https://www.dreamwidth.org/img/silk/identity/user.png){kind=small}
nyxelestiaVerbs in Anyael
ETA: You can see examples of all these verbs here. If this post, going through it, confuses you, check out the examples, it will help.
Okay, so, verbs!
Verbs are made of the root, or the infinitive, and the suffix. You do not actually change the ending of the infinitve verb, but simply add to it.
The suffixes follow a basic formula, in that each one is made of three things – tense, perfectness, aspect. Tense tells whether it is past, present, or future. Perfectness is whether the action is completed or not. Aspect tells whether the action is punctual or ongoing. Each tense has its own vowel, each perfectness has its own consonant, and each aspect has its own vowel. You add the three like this: tense + perfectness + aspect = suffix.
Add them all up using tense + perfectness + aspect, and you get:
Seeing as all verb form suffixes start with vowels, if the verb infinitve ends in a vowel, you simply add r to it, then the verb form suffix.
In case that’s a touch confusing, here are the rough equivalents in English, with a few changes/exceptions:
Changes/Exceptions:
Mood
The verb suffixes come before the root verb, itself, in the interrogative moods. The way to do this is to take the mood's prefix, add r to it, then the verb form suffix, then make sure this new particle directly precedes the verb it is modifying. (If it isn't directly before that verb, it won't make sense). i.e.: Yau kaerohseh teyam = Have you eaten?
The negative mood is easy – just add it to the end of the conjugated verb to say ‘no’. Because of this system, there is, officially, no yes/no dichotomy in Anyael. (The presence of yes/no in so many languages has caused an unofficial sau/po thing to appear, though.) The way to answer ‘yes’ or ‘no’ in Anyael is to answer using the basic indicative to say you did/said/heard/ whatever (answer 'yes'), or say it in the negative mood, meaning you didn’t do/say/hear/whatever (answer 'no'). You can also optionally just put 'po' in front of the root for 'no', and use just the root itself, to answer a question if the tense is implied/obvious from the context.
The subjunctive mood, you can add straight to the end of the root, itself. Because the subjunctive mood is used after another verb in dependent clauses, it will automatically agree with the initial verb. BUT, if the subjunctive verb doesn't agree with the initial verb (i.e. you wish, in the present, that you had done something, in the past), then you use it in the same way as the interrogative mood: add 'r' to the end, then the new tense form, and directly preceding the initial verb.
The imperative mood is tricky – the -(r)oi is added directly to the infinitive/root verb in order to create a command. (Add -roi if it ends in a vowel, add -oi if it ends in a consonant).
But in the conjugated form, it can mean something else, depending on an additional suffix, which gets its own table:
These particles are made in the same way as the interrogative: roi + suffix. You can add these particles to the end of the conjugated verb, but this is quite rare, and generally just goes directly before the conjugated verb. Seriously, avoid agglunation!
Again, English examples would be:
Further more:
You always use this in the conjugated form. Where in English, you might say, “I’m supposed to eat”, with the infinitive, in Anyael, you would say, roughly, “I will eat-[supposed to]”. You can create this form using the simple ‘adding to the end’ method, or you can use the subjunctive/interrogative method above: adding the imperative mood suffixes to ‘roi’. This is usually the more common method with when you use more than one suffix, but otherwise it’s usually just added on. The extent of these uses depend on locale/culture.
So, adding all these up, you can express “[I] was probably supposed to have been eating” in just one word. Teyam is 'to eat', and in this case, "I" is the implied subject (subject pronouns can be dropped if the subject is implied). So, "[I] was probably supposed to have been eating" would be "Teyamosiroisuptuhmuh" (Teyam-ohsee-roi-soop-tuhmuh).
Don't worry, though, that form's rare. You would be more likely to use, "Wae roisuptuhmuh teyamosi." :D The only people who regularly use the above forms are a.) people trying to show off their Anyael (when it's little kids just learning it, it's cute; when it's pretentious teenagers/adults, it's arrogant), or b.) people whose native language is highly agglunative/synthetic (i.e. Finnish - entire sentences, and much longer ones, can be expressed in single words, and regularly are on the daily basis).
(This does lead to the occasional mishap of assuming Fins, and other people of the same language type, are arrogant due to the excessive agglunation, but in turn, Fins are generally taught to be careful how much they use these forms with people of other linguistic descents, so sometimes, you're right to assume arrogance. But remember, not always - get to know them first! :D)
Crazy, isn't it?
And…yeah, that’s it, verbs in Anyael!
You can see examples of all these verbs here.
ETA: You can see examples of all these verbs here. If this post, going through it, confuses you, check out the examples, it will help.
Okay, so, verbs!
Verbs are made of the root, or the infinitive, and the suffix. You do not actually change the ending of the infinitve verb, but simply add to it.
The suffixes follow a basic formula, in that each one is made of three things – tense, perfectness, aspect. Tense tells whether it is past, present, or future. Perfectness is whether the action is completed or not. Aspect tells whether the action is punctual or ongoing. Each tense has its own vowel, each perfectness has its own consonant, and each aspect has its own vowel. You add the three like this: tense + perfectness + aspect = suffix.
| Tense |
|
||||||
| Perfectness |
|
||||||
| Aspect |
|
Add them all up using tense + perfectness + aspect, and you get:
|
|
|
Seeing as all verb form suffixes start with vowels, if the verb infinitve ends in a vowel, you simply add r to it, then the verb form suffix.
In case that’s a touch confusing, here are the rough equivalents in English, with a few changes/exceptions:
|
|
|
Changes/Exceptions:
- In English, we are used to “I eat” being the habitive form (meaning it signifies a habit or something that happens regularly), while “I am eating” is used to signify the simple present. This is actually an incredibly weird form. Most other languages would use “I eat” for the simple present. Anyael is one of them. So...
- Present Imperfect Simple: while the literal translation is "I eat", habitive, the meaning would be, "I am eating", simple present.
- Present Imperfect Progressive: present habitive mood. (In Anyael, the literal translation would be "I am eating", but would mean, "I eat".
- Past Perfect Progressive: past habitive form. (i.e. ”I used to eat” = English habitive forms for the past.)
- Past Imperfect Progressive: this is Anyael’s pluperfect tense.
Mood
| Subjunctive | Interrogative | Negative | Imperative |
| toa | kae- | -po | -(r)oi |
The verb suffixes come before the root verb, itself, in the interrogative moods. The way to do this is to take the mood's prefix, add r to it, then the verb form suffix, then make sure this new particle directly precedes the verb it is modifying. (If it isn't directly before that verb, it won't make sense). i.e.: Yau kaerohseh teyam = Have you eaten?
The negative mood is easy – just add it to the end of the conjugated verb to say ‘no’. Because of this system, there is, officially, no yes/no dichotomy in Anyael. (The presence of yes/no in so many languages has caused an unofficial sau/po thing to appear, though.) The way to answer ‘yes’ or ‘no’ in Anyael is to answer using the basic indicative to say you did/said/heard/ whatever (answer 'yes'), or say it in the negative mood, meaning you didn’t do/say/hear/whatever (answer 'no'). You can also optionally just put 'po' in front of the root for 'no', and use just the root itself, to answer a question if the tense is implied/obvious from the context.
The subjunctive mood, you can add straight to the end of the root, itself. Because the subjunctive mood is used after another verb in dependent clauses, it will automatically agree with the initial verb. BUT, if the subjunctive verb doesn't agree with the initial verb (i.e. you wish, in the present, that you had done something, in the past), then you use it in the same way as the interrogative mood: add 'r' to the end, then the new tense form, and directly preceding the initial verb.
The imperative mood is tricky – the -(r)oi is added directly to the infinitive/root verb in order to create a command. (Add -roi if it ends in a vowel, add -oi if it ends in a consonant).
But in the conjugated form, it can mean something else, depending on an additional suffix, which gets its own table:
| Superprobabilitve | Obligative | Approximative | Necessitative |
| sup | tuhm | yemis | weh |
These particles are made in the same way as the interrogative: roi + suffix. You can add these particles to the end of the conjugated verb, but this is quite rare, and generally just goes directly before the conjugated verb. Seriously, avoid agglunation!
Again, English examples would be:
| Superprobabilitve | Obligative | Approximative | Necessitative |
| They probably… | I should… | You must… | It seems to… |
Further more:
- Using the necessitative (must) form in the past will make it hyperprobabilitive (must have). "I must have..."
- Adding uh to tuhm - tuhmuh - creates a reputative mood, which turns it from should to supposed to, i.e. ‘I’m supposed to…’
- You can combine imperative moods – i.e. use ‘sooptuhmuh’ for ‘probably supposed to’.
You always use this in the conjugated form. Where in English, you might say, “I’m supposed to eat”, with the infinitive, in Anyael, you would say, roughly, “I will eat-[supposed to]”. You can create this form using the simple ‘adding to the end’ method, or you can use the subjunctive/interrogative method above: adding the imperative mood suffixes to ‘roi’. This is usually the more common method with when you use more than one suffix, but otherwise it’s usually just added on. The extent of these uses depend on locale/culture.
So, adding all these up, you can express “[I] was probably supposed to have been eating” in just one word. Teyam is 'to eat', and in this case, "I" is the implied subject (subject pronouns can be dropped if the subject is implied). So, "[I] was probably supposed to have been eating" would be "Teyamosiroisuptuhmuh" (Teyam-ohsee-roi-soop-tuhmuh).
Don't worry, though, that form's rare. You would be more likely to use, "Wae roisuptuhmuh teyamosi." :D The only people who regularly use the above forms are a.) people trying to show off their Anyael (when it's little kids just learning it, it's cute; when it's pretentious teenagers/adults, it's arrogant), or b.) people whose native language is highly agglunative/synthetic (i.e. Finnish - entire sentences, and much longer ones, can be expressed in single words, and regularly are on the daily basis).
(This does lead to the occasional mishap of assuming Fins, and other people of the same language type, are arrogant due to the excessive agglunation, but in turn, Fins are generally taught to be careful how much they use these forms with people of other linguistic descents, so sometimes, you're right to assume arrogance. But remember, not always - get to know them first! :D)
Crazy, isn't it?
And…yeah, that’s it, verbs in Anyael!
You can see examples of all these verbs here.
